| [1] | K. Ikeda, Progress in the ITER physics basis, Nucl. Fusion 47 (2007) S1–S404.10.1088/0029-5515/47/6/e01 |
| [2] | V.D. Shafranov, Stellarators, Nucl. Fusion 20 (1980) 1075.10.1088/0029-5515/20/9/005 |
| [3] | Wendelstein 7-X fusion device produces its first hydrogen plasma, February 03, 2016. http://www.ipp.mpg.de/4010154/02_16. |
| [4] | L. Spitzer, The stellarator concept, Phys. Fluids 1 (1958) 253.10.1063/1.1705883 |
| [5] | C. Mercier, Equilibrium and stability of a toroidal magnetohydrodynamic system in the neighbourhood of a magnetic axis, Nucl. Fusion 4 (1964) 213.10.1088/0029-5515/4/3/008 |
| [6] | U. Stroth, A comparative study of transport in stellarators and tokamaks, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 40 (1998) 9.10.1088/0741-3335/40/1/002 |
| [7] | J. Wesson, Tokamaks, fourth ed., Oxford University Press, 2011. |
| [8] | P. Helander, C.D. Beidler, T.M. Bird, M. Drevlak, Y. Feng, et al., Stellarator and tokamak plasmas: a comparison, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54 (2012) 124009.10.1088/0741-3335/54/12/124009 |
| [9] | T. Hayashi, T. Sato, P. Merkel, J. Nührenberg, U. Schwenn, et al., Formation and ‘self- healing’ of magnetic islands in finite-β helias equilibria, Phys. Plasmas 1 (1994) 3262.10.1063/1.870478 |
| [10] | C.C. Hegna, J.D. Callen, Stability of bootstrap current-driven magnetic islands in stellarators, Phys. Plasmas 1 (1994) 3135.10.1063/1.870505 |
| [11] | Y. Narushima, K.Y. Watanabe, S. Sakakibara, K. Narihara, I. Yamadaet, et al., Dependence of spontaneous growth and suppression of the magnetic island on beta and collisionality in the LHD, Nucl. Fusion 48 (2008) 075010.10.1088/0029-5515/48/7/075010 |
| [12] | L.C. Bernard, D. Dobrott, F.J. Helton, R.W. Moore, Stabilization of ideal MHD modes, Nucl. Fusion 20 (1980) 1199.10.1088/0029-5515/20/10/001 |
| [13] | J.W. Connor, J.B. Taylor, Scaling laws for plasma confinement, Nucl. Fusion 17 (1977) 1047.10.1088/0029-5515/17/5/015 |
| [14] | W.A. Cooper, L. Brocher, J.P. Graves, G.A. Cooper, Y. Narushima, et al., Drift stabilisation of ballooning modes in an inward-shifted LHD configuration, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 50 (2010) 713.10.1002/ctpp.200900501 |
| [15] | H. Yamada, R. Sakamoto, J. Miyazawa, M. Kobayashi, T. Morisakiet, et al., Characterization and operational regime of high density plasmas with internal diffusion barrier observed in the large helical device, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 49 (2007) B487.10.1088/0741-3335/49/12b/s46 |
| [16] | G. Waidmann, G. Kuang, Density limits and evolution of disruptions in ohmic TEXTOR plasmas, Nucl. Fusion 32 (1992) 645.10.1088/0029-5515/32/4/i09 |
| [17] | Y. Xu, B.J. Peterson, S. Sudo, T. Tokuzawa, K. Narihara, et al., Properties of thermal decay and radiative collapse of NBI heated plasmas on LHD, Nucl. Fusion 42 (2002) 601.10.1088/0029-5515/42/5/312 |
| [18] | M. Greenwald, Density limits in toroidal plasmas, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 44 (2002) R27.10.1088/0741-3335/44/8/201 |
| [19] | B. Lipschultz, Review of MARFE phenomena in tokamaks, J. Nucl. Mater. 145-147 (1987) 15.10.1016/0022-3115(87)90306-0 |
| [20] | D.R. Baker, R.T. Snider, M. Nagami, Observation of cold, high-density plasma near the doublet III limiter, Nucl. Fusion 22 (1982) 807.10.1088/0029-5515/22/6/008 |
| [21] | S. Sudo, Y. Takeiri, H. Zushi, F. Sano, K. Itoh, et al., Scalings of energy confinement and density limit in stellarator/heliotron devices, Nucl. Fusion 30 (1990) 11.10.1088/0029-5515/30/1/002 |
| [22] | B.J. Peterson, Y. Xu, S. Sudo, T. Tokuzawa, K. Tanaka, et al., Multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge-like asymmetric radiative collapse of density limited plasmas in the large helical device, Phys. Plasmas 8 (2001) 3861.10.1063/1.1390330 |
| [23] | H. Yamada, K. Kawahata, T. Mutoh, N. Ohyabu, Y. Takeiri, et al., Progress in the integrated development of the helical system, Fusion Sci. Technol. 58 (2010) 12.10.13182/fst10-a10789 |
| [24] | M. Hirsch, J. Baldzuhn, C. Beidler, R. Brakel, R. Burhenn, et al., Major results from the stellarator Wendelstein 7-AS, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 50 (2008) 053001.10.1088/0741-3335/50/5/053001 |
| [25] | Y. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, V.V. Lutsenko, Y.V. Yakovenko, Affinity and difference between energetic-ion-driven instabilities in 2D and 3D toroidal systems, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 53 (2011) 024007.10.1088/0741-3335/53/2/024007 |
| [26] | R. Balescu, Transport Processes in Plasmas: Neoclassical Transport, Elsevier, North Holland, 1998. |
| [27] | F.L. Hinton, R.D. Hazeltine, Theory of plasma transport in toroidal confinement systems, Rev. Mod. Phys. 48 (1976) 239.10.1103/revmodphys.48.239 |
| [28] | S.P. Hirshman, D.J. Sigmar, Neoclassical transport of impurities in tokamak plasmas, Nucl. Fusion 21 (1981) 1079.10.1088/0029-5515/21/9/003 |
| [29] | L.M. Kovrizhnykh, The energy confinement time in stellarators”, Nucl. Fusion 24 (1984) 435.10.1088/0029-5515/24/4/004 |
| [30] | H.E. Mynick, Transport optimization in stellarators, Phys. Plasmas 13 (2006) 058102.10.1063/1.2177643 |
| [31] | C.D. Beidler, K. Allmaier, M.Y. Isaev, S.V. Kasilov, W. Kernbichler, et al., Benchmarking of the mono-energetic transport coefficients-results from the International Collaboration on Neoclassical Transport in Stellarators (ICNTS), Nucl. Fusion 51 (2011) 076001.10.1088/0029-5515/51/7/076001 |
| [32] | J.W. Connor, R.J. Hastie, J.B. Taylor, Stability of general plasma equilibria, Plasmas Phys. 22 (1980) 757.10.1088/0032-1028/22/7/013 |
| [33] | R.L. Dewar, H. Glasser, Ballooning mode spectrum in general toroidal systems, Phys. Fluids 26 (1983) 3038.10.1063/1.864028 |
| [34] | J.C. Adam, W.M. Tang, P.H. Rutherford, Destabilization of the trapped-electron mode by magnetic curvature drift resonances, Phys. Fluids 19 (1976) 561.10.1063/1.861489 |
| [35] | J.H.E. Proll, P. Helander, J.W. Connor, G.G. Plunk, Resilience of quasi-isodynamic stellarators against trapped-particle instabilities, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 245002.10.1103/physrevlett.108.245002 |
| [36] | V. Kornilov, R. Kleiber, R. Hatzky, L. Villard, G. Jost, et al., Gyrokinetic global three-dimensional simulations of linear ion-temperature-gradient modes in Wendelstein 7-X, Phys. Plasmas 11 (2004) 3196.10.1063/1.1737393 |
| [37] | G. Rewoldt, L.P. Ku, W.M. Tang, Comparison of microinstability properties for stellarator magnetic geometries, Phys. Plasmas 12 (2005) 102512.10.1063/1.2089247 |
| [38] | P. Xanthopoulos, F. Jenko, Gyrokinetic analysis of linear microinstabilities for the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X, Phys. Plasmas 14 (2007) 042501.10.1063/1.2714328 |
| [39] | J.A. Baumgaertel, E.A. Belli, W. Dorland, W. Guttenfelder, G.W. Hammett, et al., Simulating gyrokinetic microinstabilities in stellarator geometry with GS2, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 122301.10.1063/1.3662064 |
| [40] | T.H. Watanabe, H. Sugama, M. Nunami, Effects of equilibrium-scale radial electric fields on zonal flows and turbulence in helical configurations, Nucl. Fusion 51 (2011) 123003.10.1088/0029-5515/51/12/123003 |
| [41] | R.E. Waltz, A.H. Boozer, Local shear in general magnetic stellarator geometry, Phys. Fluids B 5 (1993) 2201.10.1063/1.860754 |
| [42] | R. Kleiber, B. Scott, Fluid simulations of edge turbulence for stellarators and axisymmetric configurations, Phys. Plasmas 12 (2005) 102507.10.1063/1.2075007 |
| [43] | C. Kessel, J. Manickam, G. Rewoldt, W.M. Tang, Improved plasma performance in tokamaks with negative magnetic shear, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 1212.10.1103/physrevlett.72.1212 |
| [44] | M. Hugon, B.P.V. Milligen, P. Smeulders, L.C. Appel, D.V. Bartlett, et al., Shear reversal and MHD activity during pellet enhanced performance pulses in JET, Nucl. Fusion 32 (1992) 33.10.1088/0029-5515/32/1/i04 |
| [45] | E.A. Lazarus, L.L. Lao, T.H. Osborne, T.S. Taylor, A.D. Turnbull, et al., An optimization of beta in the DIII-D tokamak, Phys. Fluids B 4 (1992) 3644.10.1063/1.860373 |
| [46] | G.T. Hoang, C. Gil, E. Joffrin, D. Moreau, A. Becoulet, et al., Improved confinement in high li lower hybrid driven steady state plasmas in TORE SUPRA, Nucl. Fusion 34 (1994) 75.10.1088/0029-5515/34/1/i05 |
| [47] | Y. Kamada, K. Ushigusa, O. Naito, Y. Neyatani, T. Ozeki, et al., Non-inductively current driven H mode with high beta N and high beta p values in JT-60U, Nucl. Fusion 34 (1994) 1605.10.1088/0029-5515/34/12/i05 |
| [48] | W.M. Nevins, et al., Plasma physics and controlled fusion research, in: Proc. 14th Int. Conf., vol. 3, IAEA, Vienna, 1992, p. p 279. |
| [49] | C.P. Ritz, et al., Plasma physics and controlled fusion research, in: Proc. 13th Int Conf., vol. 2, IAEA, Vienna, 1991, p. p 589. |
| [50] | C. Hidalgo, Edge turbulence and anomalous transport in fusion plasmas, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37 (1995) A53.10.1088/0741-3335/37/11a/004 |
| [51] | M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Kolzhauer, A. Rudyj, et al., Measurements and modelling of electrostatic fluctuations in the scrape-off layer of ASDEX, Nucl. Fusion 35 (1995) 1307.10.1088/0029-5515/35/11/i01 |
| [52] | R.J. Fonck, N. Bretz, G. Cosby, R. Durst, E. Mazzucato, et al., Fluctuation measurements in the plasma interior on TFTR, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 34 (1992) 1993.10.1088/0741-3335/34/13/031 |
| [53] | L. Giannone, R. Balbín, H. Niedermeyer, M. Endler, G. Herre, et al., Density, temperature, and potential fluctuation measurements by the swept Langmuir probe technique in Wendelstein 7-AS, Phys. Plasmas 1 (1994) 3614.10.1063/1.870917 |
| [54] | X. Garbet, J. Payan, C. Laviron, P. Devynck, S.K. Saha, et al., Turbulence and energy confinement in TORE SUPRA ohmic discharges, Nucl. Fusion 32 (1992) 2147.10.1088/0029-5515/32/12/i06 |
| [55] | S. Sattler, H.J. Hartfuss, Experimental evidence for electron temperature fluctuations in the core plasma of the W7-AS stellarator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 653.10.1103/physrevlett.72.653 |
| [56] | P.N. Yushmanov, T. Takizuka, K.S. Riedel, O.J.W.F. Kardaun, J.G. Cordey, et al., Scalings for tokamak energy confinement, Nucl. Fusion 30 (1990) 1999.10.1088/0029-5515/30/10/001 |
| [57] | ITER Physics Expert Group on Confinement and Transport, Chapter 2: plasma confinement and transport, Nucl. Fusion 39 (1999) 2175.10.1088/0029-5515/39/12/302 |
| [58] | U. Stroth, M. Murakami, R.A. Dory, H. Yamada, S. Okamura, et al., Energy confinement scaling from the international stellarator database, Nucl. Fusion 36 (1996) 1063.10.1088/0029-5515/36/8/i11 |
| [59] | M. Bessenrodt-Weberpals, F. Wagner, O. Gehre, L. Giannone, J.V. Hofmann, et al., The isotope effect in ASDEX, Nucl. Fusion 33 (1993) 1205.10.1088/0029-5515/33/8/i09 |
| [60] | M. Ramisch, N. Mahdizadeh, U. Stroth, F. Greiner, C. Lechte, et al., ρs scaling of characteristic turbulent structures in the torsatron TJ-K, Phys. Plasmas 12 (2005) 032504.10.1063/1.1857531 |
| [61] | B. Liu, M.A. Pedrosa, B.P.V. Milligen, C. Hidalgo, C. Silva, et al., Isotope effect physics, turbulence and long-range correlation studies in the TJ-II stellarator, Nucl. Fusion 55 (2015) 112002.10.1088/0029-5515/55/11/112002 |
| [62] | Y. Xu, C. Hidalgo, I. Shesterikov, A. Kramer-Flecken, S. Zoletnik, et al., Isotope effect and multiscale physics in fusion plasmas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 265005.10.1103/physrevlett.110.265005 |
| [63] | A.D. Gurchenko, E.Z. Gusakov, P. Niskala, A.B. Altukhov, L.A. Esipov, et al., The isotope effect in turbulent transport control by GAMs. Observation and gyrokinetic modeling, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 58 (2016) 044002.10.1088/0741-3335/58/4/044002 |
| [64] | T.S. Hahm, L. Wang, W.X. Wang, E.S. Yoon, F.X. Duthoit, et al., Isotopic dependence of residual zonal flows, Nucl. Fusion 53 (2013) 072002.10.1088/0029-5515/53/7/072002 |
| [65] | T.H. Stix, Decay of poloidal rotation in a tokamak plasma, Phys. Fluids 16 (1973) 1260.10.1063/1.1694506 |
| [66] | V. Rozhansky, M. Tendler, Reviews of Plasma Physics, Plasma Rotation in Tokamaks, 1996. New York-London (Chapter 3). |
| [67] | P. Helander, On rapid plasma rotation, Phys. Plasmas 14 (2007) 104501.10.1063/1.2789989 |
| [68] | H. Sugama, T.H. Watanabe, M. Nunami, S. Nishimura, Quasisymmetric toroidal plasmas with large mean flows, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 082505.10.1063/1.3624483 |
| [69] | A. Fujisawa, A review of zonal flow experiments, Nucl. Fusion 49 (2009) 013001.10.1088/0029-5515/49/1/013001 |
| [70] | Y. Feng, M. Kobayashi, T. Lunt, D. Reiter, Comparison between stellarator and tokamak divertor transport, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 53 (2011) 024009.10.1088/0741-3335/53/2/024009 |
| [71] | P. Grigull, K. Mccormick, J. Baldzuhn, R. Burhenn, R. Brakel, et al., First island divertor experiments on the W7-AS stellarator, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 43 (2001) A175.10.1088/0741-3335/43/12a/313 |
| [72] | N. Ohyabu, T. Watanabe, H. Ji, H. Akao, T. Ono, et al., The large helical device (LHD) helical divertor, Nucl. Fusion 34 (1994) 387.10.1088/0029-5515/34/3/i07 |
| [73] | Y. Shimomura, M. Keilhacker, K. Lackner, H. Murmann, Characteristics of the divertor plasma in neutral-beam-heated ASDEX discharges, Nucl. Fusion 23 (1983) 869.10.1088/0029-5515/23/7/002 |
| [74] | M. Kobayashi, Y. Feng, S. Masuzaki, M. Shojia, J. Miyazawaa, et al., Divertor transport study in the large helical device, J. Nucl. Mater. 363 (2007) 294.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.01.038 |
| [75] | Y. Feng, F. Sardei, P. Grigull, K. Mccormick, J. Kisslinger, et al., Transport in island divertors: 3D modelling and comparison to first experiments on W7-AS, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 44 (2002) 611.10.1088/0741-3335/44/5/308 |
| [76] | J. Nührenberg, R. Zille, Quasi-helically symmetric toroidal stellarators, Phys. Lett. A 129 (1988) 113.10.1016/0375-9601(88)90080-1 |
| [77] | A.H. Boozer, Quasi-helical symmetry in stellarators, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37 (1995) A103.10.1088/0741-3335/37/11a/007 |
| [78] | M. Drevlak, F. Brochard, P. Helander, J. Kisslinger, M. Mikhailov, et al., ESTELL: a quasi-toroidally symmetric stellarator, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 53 (2013) 459.10.1002/ctpp.201200055 |
| [79] | J.R. Cary, S.G. Shasharina, Omnigenity and quasihelicity in helical plasma confinement systems, Phys. Plasmas 4 (1997) 3323.10.1063/1.872473 |
| [80] | S. Gori, W. Lotz, J. Nuhrenberg, Theory Fusion Plasmas (1996) 335. |
| [81] | P. Helander, Theory of plasma confinement in non-axisymmetric magnetic fields, Rep. Prog. Phys. 77 (2014) 087001.10.1088/0034-4885/77/8/087001 |
| [82] | H. Wobig, Theory of advanced stellarators, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 41 (1999) A159.10.1088/0741-3335/41/3a/010 |
| [83] | C.D. Beidler, E. Harmeyer, F. Herrnegger, Y. Igitkhanov, A. Kendl, et al., The Helias reactor HSR4/18, Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 1759.10.1088/0029-5515/41/12/303 |
| [84] | R.C. Wolf, C.D. Beidler, R. Burhenn, J. Geiger, M. Hirsch, et al., From Wendelstein 7-X to a Stellarator Reactor, Plasma Fusion Res. 5 (2010) S1011.10.1585/pfr.5.s1011 |
| [85] | A.H. Boozer, Physics of magnetically confined plasmas, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 (2004) 1071.10.1103/revmodphys.76.1071 |
